End sem 7; week 2 winter session 2025

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/final-project/bfm_demod.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import numpy as np
+import scipy as sp
+import sounddevice as sd
+from threading import Thread
+import time
+import queue
+
+import matplotlib.animation as anim
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+from rtlsdr import RtlSdr
+import asyncio
+import dsp
+
+class BfmDemod: 
+    def __init__(self, sdr:RtlSdr, stream:sd.OutputStream, audio_sample_rate:int=48000, num_samples:int=8192):
+        self.sdr = sdr
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.audio_sample_rate = audio_sample_rate
+        self.buffer = queue.Queue(10)
+        self.num_samples = num_samples
+
+        self.fig, self.ax = plt.subplots()
+        self.duration = self.num_samples/self.sdr.sample_rate
+        #lower_extent = self.sdr.center_freq - self.sdr.sample_rate/2
+        #upper_extent = self.sdr.center_freq + self.sdr.sample_rate/2
+
+        #self.fig, self.ax = plt.subplots()
+        #self.ax.xlabel = "Frequency [Hz]"
+        #self.ax.ylabel = "Amplitude [dB]"
+        #self.ax.set_xlim(left=lower_extent, right=upper_extent)
+    
+    # Plot the spectrum of the incoming samples
+    def _spectrum_update(self, frame):
+        self.ax.clear()
+        if self.buffer is not None:
+            spectrum = np.abs(sp.fft.fftshift(sp.fft.fft(self.buffer)))**2
+            spectrum_db = dsp.db(spectrum)
+            self.ax.plot(spectrum_db)
+        return self.ax,
+
+    # Begin reading and demodulation
+    async def start(self):
+        self.stream.start()
+        plt.ion()
+        self.scatter = self.ax.scatter([], [])
+        plt.show()
+
+        async for samples in self.sdr.stream(self.num_samples):
+            message = dsp.quad_demod(samples)
+            message = dsp.lowpass(message, 16E3, self.sdr.sample_rate)
+            message /= np.max(np.abs(message))
+            
+            time = len(message)/self.sdr.sample_rate
+            num_samples = int(time*self.audio_sample_rate)
+            message = sp.signal.resample(message, num_samples)
+
+            message = message.astype(np.float32)
+            #self.stream.write(message)
+
+            spectrum = np.abs(sp.fft.fftshift(sp.fft.fft(samples)))**2
+            spectrum_db = dsp.db(spectrum)
+            self.ax.clear()
+            self.ax.plot(spectrum_db)
+
+            self.ax.relim()
+            self.ax.autoscale_view()
+
+            self.fig.canvas.draw()
+            self.fig.canvas.flush_events()
+
+        await sdr.stop()
+        
+
+    def stop(self):
+        self.sdr.cancel_read_async()
+        self.reader.join()
+        self.stream.stop()
+
+

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/final-project/dsp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import scipy as sp
+import numpy as np
+
+
+
+def chunk_samples(samples, num_rows):
+    return samples.reshape((samples.shape[0]//num_rows, num_rows))
+
+
+def db(x):
+    return 10*np.log10(x)
+
+
+def quad_demod(samples):
+    return 0.5*np.angle(samples[:-1] * np.conj(samples[1:]))
+
+
+def lowpass(data, f_cutoff, f_s):
+    nyq = 0.5*f_s
+    normal_cutoff = f_cutoff/nyq
+    b, a = sp.signal.butter(2, normal_cutoff, btype="low", analog=False)
+    y = sp.signal.lfilter(b, a, data)
+    return y
+
+
+def sdr_bandpass(data, f_pass, f_cutoff, extent_MHz):
+
+    lower_extent = extent_MHz[0]*1E6
+    upper_extent = extent_MHz[1]*1E6
+    extent_range = upper_extent - lower_extent
+
+    normal_pass = (f_pass - lower_extent)/extent_range
+    normal_cutoff = (f_cutoff - lower_extent)/extent_range
+
+    b, a = sp.signal.butter(2, (normal_pass, normal_cutoff), btype="bandpass", analog=False)
+    y = sp.signal.lfilter(b, a, data)
+    return y

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/final-project/gfsk_demod.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import numpy as np
+import scipy as sp
+from threading import Thread
+import time
+import queue
+
+import matplotlib.animation as animation
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+from rtlsdr import RtlSdr
+
+import dsp
+
+
+class GFSKDemod: 
+    def __init__(self, sdr:RtlSdr, baud_rate:int=9600, num_samples:int=512):
+        self.sdr = sdr
+        self.baud_rate = baud_rate
+        self.num_samples = num_samples
+        self.fig, self.ax = plt.subplots()
+
+        self.duration = self.num_samples/self.sdr.sample_rate
+
+    # Demodulate an update the sound buffer
+    def _demod(self, samples):
+        message = dsp.quad_demod(samples)
+        message = dsp.lowpass(message, 16E3, self.sdr.sample_rate)
+        #message /= np.max(np.abs(message))
+        #message = message.astype(np.float32)
+        time = len(message)*self.sdr.sample_rate
+        t = np.linspace(0,time,len(message))
+        return t, message
+
+
+    # Begin reading and demodulation
+    async def start(self):
+        plt.ion()
+        plt.show()
+
+        async for samples in self.sdr.stream(self.num_samples):
+            self.ax.clear()
+            t, message = self._demod(samples)
+
+            #num_samples = int(len(message)*self.resample_rate/self.sdr.sample_rate)
+            #message = sp.signal.resample(message, num_samples)
+
+            #t = np.linspace(0,1,len(message))*t[:-1]
+            #self.ax.plot(t,message)
+            #spectrum = np.abs(sp.fft.fftshift(sp.fft.fft(samples)))**2
+            #spectrum_db = dsp.db(spectrum)
+            #self.ax.plot(spectrum_db)
+
+            self.fig.canvas.draw()
+            self.fig.canvas.flush_events()
+
+
+    def stop(self):
+        self.sdr.cancel_read_async()

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/final-project/sd_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import numpy as np
+import sounddevice as sd
+import scipy as sp
+from scipy.io import wavfile
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+sample_rate, wav_data = wavfile.read("fm.wav")
+time = len(wav_data)/sample_rate
+
+new_sample_rate = 48E3
+num_samples = int(time*new_sample_rate)
+plt.subplot(211)
+plt.plot(wav_data)
+wav_data = sp.signal.resample(wav_data, num_samples)
+plt.subplot(212)
+plt.plot(wav_data)
+plt.show()
+
+sd.play(wav_data, samplerate=new_sample_rate)
+sd.wait()

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/final-project/sdr_stream.py

@@ -1,13 +1,31 @@
-from rtlsdr import RtlSdr
+#from rtlsdr.rtlsdrtcp.client import RtlSdrTcpClient
-import numpy as np
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import scipy as sp
 import asyncio
+from rtlsdr import RtlSdr
+from bfm_demod import BfmDemod
+from gfsk_demod import GFSKDemod
+import sounddevice as sd
+import numpy as np
 
-async def streaming():
+
+def main():
+    #sdr = RtlSdrTcpClient(hostname='localhost', port=12345)
     sdr = RtlSdr()
 
-    async for samples in sdr.stream():
+    sdr.set_sample_rate(2.048E6)
+    sdr.set_center_freq(434.55E6)
+    sdr.set_freq_correction(60)
+    sdr.set_gain("auto")
+
+    stream = sd.OutputStream(samplerate=48E3, dtype=np.float32, channels=1)
+
+    sink = GFSKDemod(sdr=sdr)
+    #sink = BfmDemod(sdr=sdr, stream=stream)
+    
+    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+    loop.run_until_complete(sink.start())
 
-    await sdr.stop()
     sdr.close()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/final-project/spectrum.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import scipy as sp
+from rtlsdr import RtlSdr
+import asyncio
+import dsp
+
+class Spectrum(Display):
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def put(self, samples):
+        self.buffer.put(samples)
+
+    def update(self):
+        samples = self.buffer.get()
+        spectrum = np.abs(sp.fft.fftshift(sp.fft.fft(samples)))**2
+        spectrum_db = dsp.db(spectrum)
+        self.ax.clear()
+        self.ax.plot(spectrum_db)
+
+        self.ax.relim()
+        self.ax.autoscale_view()
+
+        self.fig.canvas.draw()
+        self.fig.canvas.flush_events()
+

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/homework/homework-4/homework-4.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Homework 4 - Aidan Sharpe
+
+## Problem 1
+A multilevel digital communication system sends one of 16 possible levels over the channel every 0.8[ms].
+
+### a
+What is the number of bits corresponding to each level? Or what is the number of bits per symbol?
+
+16 levels $= \log_2(16) = 4$ bits per symbol.
+
+### b
+What is the baud rate?
+
+1 symbol per 0.8[ms] $= \frac{1}{0.8 \times 10^{-3}} = 1250$ symbols per second.
+
+### c
+What is the bit rate?
+
+4 bits per symbol at 1250 baud is 5000[bps].
+
+## Problem 2
+The input to a differential coding signal is 10110010. Begin with reference digit 1. What is the encoded sequence?
+
+Apply XOR operation to each element, diagonally down and left, and store the result below.
+
+|   | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/homework/homework-5/homework-5.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Homework 5 - Aidan Sharpe
+
+## Problem 1
+In a binary communication system, let the receiver test statistic of the received signal be $r_0$. The received signal consists of a polar digital signal plus noise. The polar signal has values $s_{01}=A$ and $s_{02}=-A$. Assume that the noise has a Laplacian distribution:
+$$f(n_0) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \sigma_0} e^{-\sqrt{2}|n_0|/\sigma_0}$$
+where $\sigma_0$ is the RMS value of the noise, $f(n_0)$ is the probability density function (PDF), and $n_0$ is the signal. In the case of a PDF of $s_{01}$ and $s_{02}$, replace $n_0$ by $r_0-A$ and $r_0+A$. The shape of the PDF for $s_{01}$ and $s_{02}$ is the same. Find the probability of error $P_e$ as a function of $A/\sigma_0$ for the case of equally likely signaling and $V_T$ having the optimum value.
+
+
+Given the two PDFs corresponding to $s_1$ and $s_2$, the probability of a bit error is the same as the area of the intersection of the two PDFs, as seen in figure \ref{error_pdfs}.
+
+![PDFs corresponding to bit error probability \label{error_pdfs}](prob-err.png)
+
+The curve traced out by this area is
+$$p(r_0) = \frac{1}{2}\left[f(r_0 | s_1) + f(r_0 | s_2) - \|f(r_0 | s_1) - f(r_0 | s_2) \|\right]$$
+
+to find the area under the curve (the probability of a bit error $P_e$), we integrate $p(r_0)$ for all values of $r_0$. Since $f(r_0 | s_1)$ and $f(r_0 | s_2)$ are PDFs, the area under each must be unity. Therefore, distributing the $\frac{1}{2}$ term, we are left with:
+$$P_e = 1 - \frac{1}{2} \int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty  \left|f(r_0 | s_1) - f(r_0 | s_2)\right| dr_0$$
+
+Finally, we expand and simplify the integral to:
+
+$$P_e = 1 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4\sigma_0} \int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty  \left|e^{-\sqrt{2} |r_0-A| /\sigma_0} - e^{-\sqrt{2} |r_0 + A|/\sigma_0}\right| dr_0$$
+
+After evaluating the intergral, we find that $P_e = e^{-\sqrt{2}A/\sigma_0}$.
+
+
+## Problem 2
+A digital signal with white Gaussian noise is received by a receiver with a matched filter. The signal is a unipolar non-return to zero signal with $s_{01}=1$[V] and $s_{02}=0$[V]. The bit rate is 1 Mbps. The power spectral density of the noise is $N_0/2=10^{-8}$[W/Hz]. What is the probability of error $P_e$? Assume the white Gaussian noise is thermal noise. 
+
+For a unipolar signal received by a receiver with a matched filter, the probability of error is given by:
+$$P_e = Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{A^2 T}{4 N_0}}\right)$$
+where $A = 1 - 0 = 1$ is the amplitude and $T= 1[\mu$s]. Therefore, $P_e = 2.03 \times 10^{-4}$.

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/homework/homework-5/problem-1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import scipy as sp
+
+def laplacian_distribution(n_0, std_dev):
+    return np.exp(-np.sqrt(2)*np.abs(n_0)/std_dev) / (np.sqrt(2)*std_dev)
+
+def main():
+    r_0 = np.linspace(-5,5,1000)
+    A = 1
+    std_dev = 1
+
+    low_dist = laplacian_distribution(r_0 - A, std_dev)
+    up_dist = laplacian_distribution(r_0 + A, std_dev)
+
+    plt.plot(r_0, low_dist, label="$s_1$")
+    plt.plot(r_0, up_dist, label="$s_2$")
+
+    P_error = (up_dist + low_dist - np.abs(up_dist-low_dist))/2
+    plt.fill_between(r_0, P_error, color=(0,0,0,0), hatch="//", edgecolor='k', label="$P_e$")
+
+    plt.legend()
+
+    plt.savefig("Probability of error")
+
+    plt.show()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/labs/lab2/am.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import scipy as sp
 
-def add_noise_snr_db(s, SNR):
+def add_noise(s, SNR):
     var_s = np.cov(s)
     var_noise = var_s/(10**(SNR/10))
     noise = var_noise**0.5 * np.random.randn(len(s))
@@ -51,14 +51,6 @@ def main():
     s_am = dsb_am(m, f_c, t)
     s_sc = dsb_sc(m, f_c, t)
 
-    plt.subplot(311)
-    plt.plot(t, m, label="Message Signal")
-    plt.subplot(312)
-    plt.plot(t, s_am, label="DSB-AM Modulated Signal")
-    plt.subplot(313)
-    plt.plot(t, s_sc, label="DSB-SC Modulated Signal")
-    plt.show()
-
     m_am_demod = product_demod(s_am, f_m, f_c, f_s, t)
     m_sc_demod = product_demod(s_sc, f_m, f_c, f_s, t)
 
@@ -66,14 +58,17 @@ def main():
     plt.plot(t, m_am_demod, label="Demodulated DSB-AM Signal")
     plt.plot(t, m_sc_demod, label="Demodulated DSB-SC Signal")
     plt.legend(loc="upper right")
+    plt.savefig("demodulation-clean.png")
     plt.show()
 
     m_am_noisy_demod = product_demod(add_noise_snr_db(s_am, 3), f_m, f_c, f_s, t)
     m_sc_noisy_demod = product_demod(add_noise_snr_db(s_sc, 3), f_m, f_c, f_s, t)
 
-    plt.plot(t, m)
+    plt.plot(t, m, label="Original Message Signal")
-    plt.plot(t, m_am_noisy_demod)
+    plt.plot(t, m_am_noisy_demod, label="Demodulated DSB-AM Signal With Noise")
-    plt.plot(t, m_sc_noisy_demod)
+    plt.plot(t, m_sc_noisy_demod, label="Demodulated DSB-SC Signal With Noise")
+    plt.legend(loc="upper right")
+    plt.savefig("demodulation-noisy.png")
     plt.show()
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/ECOMMS/labs/lab3/lab-3.py

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import scipy as sp
+
+def add_noise(s, SNR):
+    var_s = np.cov(s)
+    var_noise = var_s/(10**(SNR/10))
+    noise = var_noise**0.5 * np.random.randn(len(s))
+    return s + noise
+
+def add_noise_db(s, noise_db):
+    var_noise = 10**(noise_db/10)
+    noise = var_noise**0.5 * np.random.randn(len(s))
+    return s + noise
+
+
+def lowpass(data, f_cutoff, f_s):
+    nyq = 0.5*f_s
+    normal_cutoff = f_cutoff/nyq
+    b, a = sp.signal.butter(2, normal_cutoff, btype="low", analog=False)
+    y = sp.signal.lfilter(b, a, data)
+    return y
+
+def bandpass(data, f_pass, f_cutoff, f_s):
+    nyq = 0.5*f_s
+
+    normal_pass = f_pass/nyq
+    normal_cutoff = f_cutoff/nyq
+
+    b, a = sp.signal.butter(2, (normal_pass, normal_cutoff), btype="bandpass", analog=False)
+    y = sp.signal.lfilter(b, a, data)
+    return y
+
+def fm(m, f_c, beta_f, t):
+    omega_c = 2*np.pi*f_c
+    return np.cos(omega_c*t + beta_f*m)
+
+def product_demod(s, f_baseband, f_c, f_s, t):
+    omega_c = 2*np.pi*f_c
+    mixed = s*np.cos(omega_c*t)
+    return lowpass(mixed, f_baseband, f_s)
+
+
+def fm_demod(s_fm, f_c, f_s, beta_f, t):
+    diff_t = np.gradient(s_fm, t)
+    envelope = np.abs(sp.signal.hilbert(diff_t))
+
+    omega_c = 2*np.pi*f_c
+    dt = 1/f_s
+    m_demod = np.empty_like(envelope)
+
+    #err1 = dt*(envelope[0] + envelope[1] - 2*omega_c)/beta_f**2
+    #err2 = dt*(dm_dt[0] + dm_dt[1])/beta_f
+
+    for i in range(len(envelope)):
+        m_demod[i] = np.sum((envelope[:i+1] - omega_c)/(beta_f*f_s))
+
+    return m_demod
+
+def quad_demod(s_fm, bandwidth, f_s, f_c, t):
+    iq = real_to_iq(s_fm, f_c, bandwidth, f_s, t)
+    iq = np.conj(iq)
+    return 0.5*np.angle(iq)
+
+def real_to_iq(s_fm, f_c, bandwidth, f_s, t):
+    i = lowpass(s_fm * np.cos(2*np.pi*f_c*t), bandwidth, f_s)
+    q = lowpass(s_fm * np.sin(2*np.pi*f_c*t), bandwidth, f_s)
+    return i + 1j*q
+
+
+def m(t):
+    f_m = 10
+    omega_m = 2*np.pi*f_m
+    return 0.1*np.sin(omega_m*t)
+
+def dm_dt(t):
+    f_m = 10
+    omega_m = 2*np.pi*f_m
+    return 0.1*omega_m*np.cos(omega_m*t)
+
+def db(x):
+    return 10*np.log10(x)
+
+def main():
+    T_s = 0.0001
+    f_s = 1/T_s
+    f_m = 20
+    omega_m = 2*np.pi*f_m
+
+    f_c = 500
+
+    beta_f = 2.40483
+    
+    t = np.arange(0,1,T_s)
+    f = np.linspace(-f_s/2, f_s/2, len(t))
+
+    #m = 0.5*(np.sin(omega_m*t) + np.sin(omega_m/2*t))
+    m = np.sin(omega_m*t)
+    s_fm = fm(m, f_c, beta_f, t)
+
+    omega_c = 2*np.pi*f_c
+    
+    #plt.plot(t, m, label="Original Message Signal")
+    #plt.plot(t, quad_demod(s_fm, 2*f_m, f_s, f_c, t), label="Demodulated Message")
+    #plt.legend()
+    #plt.savefig("message-signals")
+    #plt.show()
+
+    #plt.plot(t, s_fm, label="Frequency Modulated Message")
+    #plt.legend()
+    #plt.savefig("fm-signal")
+    #plt.show()
+
+
+    spectrum = np.abs(sp.fft.fftshift(sp.fft.fft(s_fm)))**2
+    #spectrum_db = db(spectrum)
+
+    plt.subplot(121)
+    plt.plot(f, spectrum)
+    #plt.vlines(f_c, -250, 100, color='r')
+    plt.xlim(0,2*f_c)
+    plt.title("Null Carrier Spectrum")
+    plt.xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
+
+    beta_f = 5
+    m = np.sin(omega_m*t)
+    s_fm = fm(m, f_c, beta_f, t)
+    spectrum = np.abs(sp.fft.fftshift(sp.fft.fft(s_fm)))**2
+
+    plt.subplot(122)
+    plt.title("Non-null Carrier Spectrum")
+    plt.plot(f, spectrum)
+    plt.xlim(0,2*f_c)
+    plt.xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
+    plt.savefig("null-carrier-comp")
+
+    plt.show()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/assignments/assignment-5/assignment-5.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Assignment 5 - Aidan Sharpe
+
+## Task 1: Setting Up Burp Suite
+Configure Burp Suite to intercept traffic from your browser and verify the setup.
+
+![](burp-setup.png)
+
+## Task 2: Testing for SQL Injection with Burp Repeater
+Use Burp Repeater to test for SQL injection vulnerabilities on the DVWA login page.
+
+
+![](sql-injection.png)
+
+## Task 3: Conducting a Brute Force Attack with Burp Intruder
+Use Burp Intruder to perform a brute force attack on DVWA’s login page.
+
+We found a list of usernames and passwords online, and loaded them into Burp Suite. We used the cluster bomb attack to go through all possible combinations in the two lists. We also turned redirect to "allow on-site" to make it easier to identify a successful login. The correct credentials had a response length of 4391, while the other credentials had a response length of 1675.
+
+![](cluster-bomb.png)
+
+## Task 4: Testing for Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
+Test for XSS vulnerabilities by injecting JavaScript payloads into input fields.
+
+We inserted the script `<script>alert('XSS')</script>` into the "What's your name?" field on the "XSS reflected" page. When the "submit" button was pressed, we were greeted with:
+
+![](xss.png)
+
+## Task 5: Analyzing and Reporting Results
+Analyze the results from your tests and identify potential vulnerabilities in DVWA.
+
+SQL injection and XSS are both forms of arbitrary code execution. SQL injection poses a threat to the confidentiality of database entries, while the XSS vulnerability allows the execuation of code on client machines. 
+
+The brute force attack allows unauthorized people to login as any user. While it is not an efficient way to gain access, it can be effective against common or default passwords. 
+
+## Task 6: Mitigation Recommendations
+SQL injection and XSS vulnerabilities can be mitigated via better string handling. They are caused by strings being processed as code when they should be only processed as text. To mitigate these types of attacks, better string input handling should be implemented. There exist many freely available libraries to protect applications from SQL injection and XSS vulnerabilities.
+
+Brute force attacks, on the other hand, can be mitigated by limiting the number of unsuccessful login attempts. This can be done by applying a timer, or by locking the session.
+
+## Task 7: Reflection
+There are a wide array vulnerabilities that can be exploited at the application layer. While these attacks may not provide direct access to internal networks, they can certainly be used as an entry point. 
+
+These types of vulnerabilities also make it clear that the internet was not designed with security in mind, and that extra measures must be put in place to protect web applications from external attacks.

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-01.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+BSSID, First time seen, Last time seen, channel, Speed, Privacy, Cipher, Authentication, Power, # beacons, # IV, LAN IP, ID-length, ESSID, Key
+
+Station MAC, First time seen, Last time seen, Power, # packets, BSSID, Probed ESSIDs
+

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-01.kismet.csv

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Network;NetType;ESSID;BSSID;Info;Channel;Cloaked;Encryption;Decrypted;MaxRate;MaxSeenRate;Beacon;LLC;Data;Crypt;Weak;Total;Carrier;Encoding;FirstTime;LastTime;BestQuality;BestSignal;BestNoise;GPSMinLat;GPSMinLon;GPSMinAlt;GPSMinSpd;GPSMaxLat;GPSMaxLon;GPSMaxAlt;GPSMaxSpd;GPSBestLat;GPSBestLon;GPSBestAlt;DataSize;IPType;IP;

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-01.kismet.netxml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE detection-run SYSTEM "http://kismetwireless.net/kismet-3.1.0.dtd">
+
+<detection-run kismet-version="airodump-ng-1.0" start-time="Thu Nov 21 16:54:04 2024">
+
+</detection-run>

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-01.log.csv

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+LocalTime, GPSTime, ESSID, BSSID, Power, Security, Latitude, Longitude, Latitude Error, Longitude Error, Type

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-02.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+BSSID, First time seen, Last time seen, channel, Speed, Privacy, Cipher, Authentication, Power, # beacons, # IV, LAN IP, ID-length, ESSID, Key
+
+Station MAC, First time seen, Last time seen, Power, # packets, BSSID, Probed ESSIDs
+

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-02.kismet.csv

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Network;NetType;ESSID;BSSID;Info;Channel;Cloaked;Encryption;Decrypted;MaxRate;MaxSeenRate;Beacon;LLC;Data;Crypt;Weak;Total;Carrier;Encoding;FirstTime;LastTime;BestQuality;BestSignal;BestNoise;GPSMinLat;GPSMinLon;GPSMinAlt;GPSMinSpd;GPSMaxLat;GPSMaxLon;GPSMaxAlt;GPSMaxSpd;GPSBestLat;GPSBestLon;GPSBestAlt;DataSize;IPType;IP;

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-02.kismet.netxml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE detection-run SYSTEM "http://kismetwireless.net/kismet-3.1.0.dtd">
+
+<detection-run kismet-version="airodump-ng-1.0" start-time="Thu Nov 21 17:01:00 2024">
+
+</detection-run>

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/Ethical-Hacking/output_file-02.log.csv

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+LocalTime, GPSTime, ESSID, BSSID, Power, Security, Latitude, Longitude, Latitude Error, Longitude Error, Type

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/homework/homework-12/homework-12.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# VLSI Homework 12 - Aidan Sharpe
+
+## Problem 12.5
+Estimate the minimum delay of a 10:1024 decoder driving an electrical effort of $H=20$.
+
+A 10:1024 decoder will contain 1024 AND gates. It will have a branching effort of $B=1024/2=512$. Assuming $G\approx1$ for a 10-input AND gate, the path effort will be $F=GBH=40960$. The optimal number of stages will be, assuming the stage effort is $\rho=4$, $\hat{N} = \log_4(40960)=7.66$. We will use 8 stages in our solution, seen below.
+
+![](decoder-six-stage.png)
+
+### Using static CMOS gates
+For a static CMOS design, $G = (4/3)^4 = 256/81$. Therefore, the actual stage effort is $F = GBH = 32363.5$. The parasitic delay is $P = 12$, so the total delay will be $D=NF^{1/N} + P = 41.3\tau$.
+
+### Using footless domino gates
+A footless domino design has $g=1/3$ for inverters and $g=2/3$ for NAND2. Therefore, $G=(1/3)^4(2/3)^4=16/6561$, and $F=GBH=24.97$. The parasitic delay for inverters is $p=2/3$, and $p=1$ for NAND2. Therefore, the path parasitic delay is $P=4 + 8/3 = 20/3$. Finally, the total delay will be $D=NF^{1/n} + P = 18.62\tau$.
+
+## Problem 12.12
+NAND ROMs will have a higher resistance than a comparable NOR ROM, thereby making them slower.

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.aux

@@ -29,9 +29,21 @@
 \newlabel{tbl:inv-delay}{{I}{3}{Inverter Delay Characteristics}{table.1}{}}
 \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Inverter schematic symbol}}{3}{figure.3}\protected@file@percent }
 \newlabel{fig:inv-symbol}{{3}{3}{Inverter schematic symbol}{figure.3}{}}
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {III}Conclusion}{3}{section.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {III}Transmission Gate}{3}{section.3}\protected@file@percent }
 \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces Inverter layout}}{3}{figure.4}\protected@file@percent }
 \newlabel{fig:inv-layout}{{4}{3}{Inverter layout}{figure.4}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Transmission gate schematic}}{3}{figure.5}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:trans-schematic}{{5}{3}{Transmission gate schematic}{figure.5}{}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {IV}NAND Gate}{3}{section.4}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Transmission gate timing diagram}}{4}{figure.6}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:trans-signals}{{6}{4}{Transmission gate timing diagram}{figure.6}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces Transmission gate layout}}{4}{figure.7}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:trans-layout}{{7}{4}{Transmission gate layout}{figure.7}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces Two-input CMOS NAND gate schematic}}{4}{figure.8}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:nand-schematic}{{8}{4}{Two-input CMOS NAND gate schematic}{figure.8}{}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {V}Conclusion}{4}{section.5}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {II}{\ignorespaces NAND gate truth table}}{4}{table.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{tbl:nand-truth}{{II}{4}{NAND gate truth table}{table.2}{}}
 \abx@aux@read@bbl@mdfivesum{66D8CCEED3AA0C3BA637E6C13B8A8AC2}
 \abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{VLSICircuitsSystems}{nty/global//global/global}
-\gdef \@abspage@last{2}
+\gdef \@abspage@last{3}

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.bbl-SAVE-ERROR

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+% $ biblatex auxiliary file $
+% $ biblatex bbl format version 3.2 $
+% Do not modify the above lines!
+%
+% This is an auxiliary file used by the 'biblatex' package.
+% This file may safely be deleted. It will be recreated by
+% biber as required.
+%
+\begingroup
+\makeatletter
+\@ifundefined{ver@biblatex.sty}
+  {\@latex@error
+     {Missing 'biblatex' package}
+     {The bibliography requires the 'biblatex' package.}
+      \aftergroup\endinput}
+  {}
+\endgroup
+
+
+\refsection{0}
+  \datalist[entry]{nty/global//global/global}
+    \entry{VLSICircuitsSystems}{book}{}
+      \name{author}{1}{}{%
+        {{hash=7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}{%
+           family={Neil\bibnamedelimb H.\bibnamedelimi E.\bibnamedelimi Weste},
+           familyi={N\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim H\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim E\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim W\bibinitperiod},
+           given={David\bibnamedelimb Money\bibnamedelima Harris},
+           giveni={D\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim H\bibinitperiod}}}%
+      }
+      \list{publisher}{1}{%
+        {Pearson}%
+      }
+      \strng{namehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{fullhash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{bibnamehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{authornamehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{authorfullhash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \field{sortinit}{N}
+      \field{sortinithash}{22369a73d5f88983a108b63f07f37084}
+      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
+      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
+      \field{title}{CMOS VLSI Design a Circuits and Systems Perspective, Fourth Edition}
+      \field{year}{2011}
+    \endentry
+  \enddatalist
+\endrefsection
+\endinput
+

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.blg

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 [0] Config.pm:307> INFO - This is Biber 2.19
 [0] Config.pm:310> INFO - Logfile is 'lab-3.blg'
-[108] biber:340> INFO - === Tue Nov 19, 2024, 19:56:21
+[73] biber:340> INFO - === Sun Dec  8, 2024, 20:13:44
-[127] Biber.pm:419> INFO - Reading 'lab-3.bcf'
+[85] Biber.pm:419> INFO - Reading 'lab-3.bcf'
-[215] Biber.pm:979> INFO - Found 1 citekeys in bib section 0
+[146] Biber.pm:979> INFO - Found 1 citekeys in bib section 0
-[232] Biber.pm:4419> INFO - Processing section 0
+[157] Biber.pm:4419> INFO - Processing section 0
-[247] Biber.pm:4610> INFO - Looking for bibtex file 'references.bib' for section 0
+[166] Biber.pm:4610> INFO - Looking for bibtex file 'references.bib' for section 0
-[248] bibtex.pm:1713> INFO - LaTeX decoding ...
+[167] bibtex.pm:1713> INFO - LaTeX decoding ...
-[252] bibtex.pm:1519> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'references.bib'
+[169] bibtex.pm:1519> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'references.bib'
-[298] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized'
+[200] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable'
-[298] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable'
+[200] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized'
-[298] Biber.pm:4239> INFO - Sorting list 'nty/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'nty' and locale 'en-US'
+[200] Biber.pm:4239> INFO - Sorting list 'nty/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'nty' and locale 'en-US'
-[298] Biber.pm:4245> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US'
+[200] Biber.pm:4245> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US'
-[300] bbl.pm:660> INFO - Writing 'lab-3.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8'
+[201] bbl.pm:660> INFO - Writing 'lab-3.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8'
-[300] bbl.pm:763> INFO - Output to lab-3.bbl
+[202] bbl.pm:763> INFO - Output to lab-3.bbl

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.fdb_latexmk

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 # Fdb version 4
-["biber lab-3"] 1732064180.21414 "lab-3.bcf" "lab-3.bbl" "lab-3" 1732074596.72708 0
+["biber lab-3"] 1733706824.00038 "lab-3.bcf" "lab-3.bbl" "lab-3" 1733837717.2406 0
-  "lab-3.bcf" 1732074596.55002 107849 19388b857c8fbe58213de7619cc8a2ee "pdflatex"
+  "lab-3.bcf" 1733837716.97826 107849 19388b857c8fbe58213de7619cc8a2ee "pdflatex"
   "references.bib" 1732049306.41364 558 df972a2d65f28e8a8ecebb4ee0b82d70 ""
   (generated)
   "lab-3.bbl"
   "lab-3.blg"
   (rewritten before read)
-["pdflatex"] 1732074594.91744 "lab-3.tex" "lab-3.pdf" "lab-3" 1732074596.72758 0
+["pdflatex"] 1733837714.16973 "lab-3.tex" "lab-3.pdf" "lab-3" 1733837717.24107 0
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathit.enc" 1202520719 2405 5dcf2c1b967ee25cc46c58cd52244aed ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathsy.enc" 1202520719 2840 216e6e45ad352e2456e1149f28885bee ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rm.enc" 1202520719 2327 9d6df24f9c4f7368395224341a95523a ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rmsc.enc" 1202520719 2355 3e74b90173fc699673a5163cee277702 ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/map/fontname/texfonts.map" 1577235249 3524 cb3e574dea2d1052e39280babc910dc8 ""
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr7.pfb" 1255129361 121145 68312a933e2c689ed40ec0aba373e279 ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr8.pfb" 1255129361 122174 a7a08406857c9530a0320a2517f60370 ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmri10.pfb" 1255129361 112593 fda2373ba4420af33949610de4c28fe8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmsy10.pfb" 1254269338 27863 09ce3735688ffde955e72da27c95b61a ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/context/base/mkii/supp-pdf.mkii" 1714953600 71627 94eb9990bed73c364d7f53f960cc8c5b ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/atbegshi/atbegshi.sty" 1575674566 24708 5584a51a7101caf7e6bbf1fc27d8f7b1 ""
   "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/bigintcalc/bigintcalc.sty" 1576625341 40635 c40361e206be584d448876bba8a64a3b ""
@@ -295,11 +297,15 @@
   "graphics/inv-schematic.png" 1732050701 9712 44f058748b77baca7828a2e84ecc8acb ""
   "graphics/inv-symbol.png" 1732071169 5870 e9b1b0f9ba66f5d331c6491cf3769cc4 ""
   "graphics/inverter-pins-io.png" 1730826169.35618 82578 2f12d40c77d52c168a5c697b06baefa4 ""
-  "lab-3.aux" 1732074596.54602 2366 0c1791cc00ff9647d4451a288f4d8eee "pdflatex"
+  "graphics/nand-schematic.png" 1733694810 17637 c82e8dde09f1a7fe46a7c518207a367b ""
-  "lab-3.bbl" 1732064181.38164 1765 66d8cceed3aa0c3ba637e6c13b8a8ac2 "biber lab-3"
+  "graphics/tran-layout.png" 1732033487 29244 37e2234bec907ea28b2094e016571213 ""
-  "lab-3.out" 1732074596.54702 279 27d4c9a85c014344d4809060353b15ed "pdflatex"
+  "graphics/tran-schematic.png" 1732033469 10769 4ce6e6c9b8bfa9f3d48f17d0689ba744 ""
-  "lab-3.run.xml" 1732074596.55102 2312 3ea7060cdcc1885fd98bc9f105caf70a "pdflatex"
+  "graphics/tran-signals.png" 1733690122 80792 f54ab8e41446e7dbe2d57ab9f5845c53 ""
-  "lab-3.tex" 1732074593.332 8696 7f669cd7950e190e50ccf1713d2bf7da ""
+  "lab-3.aux" 1733837716.97226 3671 e45a326edc3fd9e2a61ff5124dded788 "pdflatex"
+  "lab-3.bbl" 1733706824.70057 1765 66d8cceed3aa0c3ba637e6c13b8a8ac2 "biber lab-3"
+  "lab-3.out" 1733837716.97326 501 3401e8f663ae5378a848fadc150f11ae "pdflatex"
+  "lab-3.run.xml" 1733837716.97926 2312 3ea7060cdcc1885fd98bc9f105caf70a "pdflatex"
+  "lab-3.tex" 1733837713.57425 11698 2033e2bea4730c501e39ebe70d420dc1 ""
   (generated)
   "lab-3.aux"
   "lab-3.bcf"

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.fls

@@ -1378,10 +1378,31 @@ INPUT ./graphics/inv-layout.png
 INPUT graphics/inv-layout.png
 INPUT ./graphics/inv-layout.png
 INPUT ./graphics/inv-layout.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-schematic.png
+INPUT graphics/tran-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-signals.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-signals.png
+INPUT graphics/tran-signals.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-signals.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-signals.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-layout.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-layout.png
+INPUT graphics/tran-layout.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-layout.png
+INPUT ./graphics/tran-layout.png
 INPUT /var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map
 INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rm.enc
 INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rmsc.enc
 INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathit.enc
+INPUT ./graphics/nand-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/nand-schematic.png
+INPUT graphics/nand-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/nand-schematic.png
+INPUT ./graphics/nand-schematic.png
+INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathsy.enc
 INPUT lab-3.aux
 INPUT ./lab-3.out
 INPUT ./lab-3.out
@@ -1399,3 +1420,4 @@ INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr6.pfb
 INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr7.pfb
 INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr8.pfb
 INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmri10.pfb
+INPUT /usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmsy10.pfb

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.log

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.25 (TeX Live 2023/Fedora 40) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2024.11.12)  19 NOV 2024 22:49
+This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.25 (TeX Live 2023/Fedora 40) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2024.11.12)  10 DEC 2024 08:35
 entering extended mode
  restricted \write18 enabled.
  file:line:error style messages enabled.
@@ -1201,12 +1201,12 @@ LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `OT1/ptm/bx/n' in size <7.4> not available
 (Font)              Font shape `OT1/ptm/b/n' tried instead on input line 68.
 LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `OT1/ptm/bx/n' in size <6> not available
 (Font)              Font shape `OT1/ptm/b/n' tried instead on input line 68.
-<graphics/inv-schematic.png, id=21, 569.12625pt x 666.23906pt>
+<graphics/inv-schematic.png, id=29, 569.12625pt x 666.23906pt>
 File: graphics/inv-schematic.png Graphic file (type png)
 <use graphics/inv-schematic.png>
 Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/inv-schematic.png  used on input line 71.
 (pdftex.def)             Requested size: 222.58856pt x 260.5743pt.
-<graphics/inverter-pins-io.png, id=24, 1422.81563pt x 642.90187pt>
+<graphics/inverter-pins-io.png, id=32, 1422.81563pt x 642.90187pt>
 File: graphics/inverter-pins-io.png Graphic file (type png)
 <use graphics/inverter-pins-io.png>
 Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/inverter-pins-io.png  used on input line 85.
@@ -1218,12 +1218,12 @@ LaTeX Font Info:    External font `lmex10' loaded for size
 
 Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active []
 
-<graphics/inv-symbol.png, id=28, 584.1825pt x 304.88907pt>
+<graphics/inv-symbol.png, id=36, 584.1825pt x 304.88907pt>
 File: graphics/inv-symbol.png Graphic file (type png)
 <use graphics/inv-symbol.png>
 Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/inv-symbol.png  used on input line 112.
 (pdftex.def)             Requested size: 222.58856pt x 116.17075pt.
-<graphics/inv-layout.png, id=30, 575.14874pt x 599.23875pt>
+<graphics/inv-layout.png, id=38, 575.14874pt x 599.23875pt>
 File: graphics/inv-layout.png Graphic file (type png)
 <use graphics/inv-layout.png>
 Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/inv-layout.png  used on input line 120.
@@ -1232,6 +1232,43 @@ Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/inv-layout.png  used on input line 120.
 
 LaTeX Warning: `h' float specifier changed to `ht'.
 
+<graphics/tran-schematic.png, id=40, 569.12625pt x 666.23906pt>
+File: graphics/tran-schematic.png Graphic file (type png)
+<use graphics/tran-schematic.png>
+Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/tran-schematic.png  used on input line 130.
+(pdftex.def)             Requested size: 222.58856pt x 260.5743pt.
+
+LaTeX Warning: `h' float specifier changed to `ht'.
+
+<graphics/tran-signals.png, id=41, 1422.81563pt x 642.90187pt>
+File: graphics/tran-signals.png Graphic file (type png)
+<use graphics/tran-signals.png>
+Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/tran-signals.png  used on input line 138.
+(pdftex.def)             Requested size: 222.58856pt x 100.57088pt.
+
+LaTeX Warning: `h' float specifier changed to `ht'.
+
+<graphics/tran-layout.png, id=43, 575.14874pt x 599.23875pt>
+File: graphics/tran-layout.png Graphic file (type png)
+<use graphics/tran-layout.png>
+Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/tran-layout.png  used on input line 146.
+(pdftex.def)             Requested size: 222.58856pt x 231.91002pt.
+
+LaTeX Warning: `h' float specifier changed to `ht'.
+
+
+LaTeX Warning: `h' float specifier changed to `ht'.
+
+[2{/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rm.enc}
+
+
+{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rmsc.enc}{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathit.enc} <./graphics/inv-schematic.png> <./graphics/inverter-pins-io.png>]
+<graphics/nand-schematic.png, id=66, 1288.815pt x 665.48625pt>
+File: graphics/nand-schematic.png Graphic file (type png)
+<use graphics/nand-schematic.png>
+Package pdftex.def Info: graphics/nand-schematic.png  used on input line 174.
+(pdftex.def)             Requested size: 222.58856pt x 114.9285pt.
+
 
 ** Conference Paper **
 Before submitting the final camera ready copy, remember to:
@@ -1243,29 +1280,26 @@ Before submitting the final camera ready copy, remember to:
  uses only Type 1 fonts and that every step in the generation
  process uses the appropriate paper size.
 
-[2{/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rm.enc}
+[3{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathsy.enc} <./graphics/inv-symbol.png> <./graphics/inv-layout.png> <./graphics/tran-schematic.png>] [4 <./graphics/tran-signals.png> <./graphics/tran-layout.png> <./graphics/nand-schematic.png>] (./lab-3.aux)
-
-
-{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rmsc.enc}{/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathit.enc} <./graphics/inv-schematic.png> <./graphics/inverter-pins-io.png>] [3 <./graphics/inv-symbol.png> <./graphics/inv-layout.png>] (./lab-3.aux)
 Package rerunfilecheck Info: File `lab-3.out' has not changed.
-(rerunfilecheck)             Checksum: 27D4C9A85C014344D4809060353B15ED;279.
+(rerunfilecheck)             Checksum: 3401E8F663AE5378A848FADC150F11AE;501.
 Package logreq Info: Writing requests to 'lab-3.run.xml'.
 \openout1 = `lab-3.run.xml'.
 
  ) 
 Here is how much of TeX's memory you used:
- 60640 strings out of 476041
+ 60684 strings out of 476041
- 1526381 string characters out of 5793163
+ 1527382 string characters out of 5793163
- 2609236 words of memory out of 6000000
+ 2609484 words of memory out of 6000000
- 80367 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000
+ 80398 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000
  696086 words of font info for 142 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000
  1140 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191
- 117i,12n,118p,1155b,1479s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s
+ 117i,12n,118p,1147b,1479s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s
-</usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr12.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmcsc10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi6.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi7.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi8.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr12.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr6.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr7.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr8.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmri10.pfb>
+</usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr12.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmcsc10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi6.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi7.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi8.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr12.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr6.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr7.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr8.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmri10.pfb></usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmsy10.pfb>
-Output written on lab-3.pdf (2 pages, 327989 bytes).
+Output written on lab-3.pdf (3 pages, 472371 bytes).
 PDF statistics:
- 123 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607)
+ 160 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607)
- 86 compressed objects within 1 object stream
+ 111 compressed objects within 2 object streams
- 14 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000)
+ 22 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000)
- 57 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000)
+ 93 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000)
 

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.out

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 \BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1}{\376\377\000I\000n\000t\000r\000o\000d\000u\000c\000t\000i\000o\000n}{}% 1
 \BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2}{\376\377\000I\000n\000v\000e\000r\000t\000e\000r}{}% 2
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3}{\376\377\000C\000o\000n\000c\000l\000u\000s\000i\000o\000n}{}% 3
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3}{\376\377\000T\000r\000a\000n\000s\000m\000i\000s\000s\000i\000o\000n\000\040\000G\000a\000t\000e}{}% 3
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4}{\376\377\000N\000A\000N\000D\000\040\000G\000a\000t\000e}{}% 4
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5}{\376\377\000C\000o\000n\000c\000l\000u\000s\000i\000o\000n}{}% 5

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-3/lab-3.tex

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ In this lab, we designed and analyzed several simple CMOS gates. Specifically, w
 \section{Inverter}
 The first, and simplest gate we created was a CMOS inverter. This device is made from one n-channel MOSFET (NMOS), and one p-channel MOSFET (PMOS). Its schematic is seen in figure \ref{fig:inv-sch}. Looking closely, the width of the NMOS is 120nm and the width of the PMOS is 240nm. This was done to match the resistances of the two devices. 
 
-The equivalent channel resistance of an NMOS is $R = \frac{R_0}{k}$, and for a PMOS, $R = \frac{2R_0}{k}$ \cite{VLSICircuitsSystems}. The constant $k$ is the ratio of the width of the MOSFET to the width of a unit transistor for that technology. For example, the unit transistor for 45nm is 120nm. Therefore, a PMOS will always have twice the resistance of an NMOS for the same width, and if the resistances are to match, then the PMOS must be twice as wide as the NMOS.
+The equivalent channel resistance of an NMOS is $R_n = \frac{R}{k}$, and for a PMOS, $R_p = \frac{2R}{k}$ \cite{VLSICircuitsSystems}. The constant $k$ is the ratio of the width of the MOSFET to the width of a unit transistor for that technology. For example, the unit transistor for our 45[nm] design library is 120[nm]. Therefore, a PMOS will always have twice the resistance of an NMOS of the same width, and if the resistances are to match, then the PMOS must be twice as wide as the NMOS.
 
 \begin{figure}[h]
 	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/inv-schematic.png}
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ For our inverter, we simulated a pulsed input with a period of 2[ns], seen as th
 	\label{fig:inverter-io}
 \end{figure}
 
-Instead of eyeballing the time, we loaded the outputs of the simulation into a calculator tool to precisely calculate the time. This tool was used to calculate all five delay characteristics. The values of the delay characteristics are seen in table \ref{tbl:inv-delay}. It is important to note that the rise and fall times of the input signal are identical, but as seen in the table, the rise and fall times for the output are different. This effect is quite odd. The total output capacitance is $3C_0$ regardless of whether the output is rising or falling, and we picked our $k$ values such that the resistance was $R_0$ for both the pull-up and pull-down network. Therefore, regardless of the edge, the time constant should be $\tau = 3R_0C_0$. Regardless, we still have a difference between the rising and falling edges. The difference likely comes from an assumption we made. We assumed that the resistance for a PMOS is twice that of an NMOS of the same size, but this is merely an approximation to account for holes having lower mobility than electrons\cite{VLSICircuitsSystems}.
+Instead of eyeballing the time, we loaded the outputs of the simulation into a calculator tool to precisely calculate the time. This tool was used to calculate all five delay characteristics. The values of the delay characteristics are seen in table \ref{tbl:inv-delay}. It is important to note that the rise and fall times of the input signal are identical, but as seen in the table, the rise and fall times for the output are different. This effect is quite odd. The total output capacitance is $3C$ regardless of whether the output is rising or falling, and we picked our $k$ values such that the resistance was $R$ for both the pull-up and pull-down network. Therefore, regardless of the edge, the time constant should be $\tau = 3RC$. Regardless, we still have a difference between the rising and falling edges. The difference likely comes from an assumption we made. We assumed that the resistance for a PMOS is twice that of an NMOS of the same size, but this is merely an approximation to account for holes having lower mobility than electrons\cite{VLSICircuitsSystems}.
 
 \begin{table}[H]
 \center
@@ -124,10 +124,62 @@ Finally, we created the phyical layout for the inverter. The layout for the MOSF
 
 To ensure that our layout met the design rules imposed by the technology library, we used a design rule checker. Our initial design had some small errors, such as the n-well being too close to the contacts to power, but the design rule checker enabled us to rapidly resolve these issues. We also ran another check to ensure that the connections in the layout matched the connections in the schematic. After adding the proper pins, this check also passed. With both checks completed, our inverter was finished.
 
-\section{Conclusion}
+\section{Transmission Gate}
-The workflow implemented enables the rapid re-use of circuits. This concept is important as it is not feasible to layout every MOSFET and every connection in a larger design. By building up a design from previously designed components, keeping track of the characteristics of each piece along the way, it is much easier to create complex digital circuits.
+A transmission gate is similar in construction to an inverter, consisting of one NMOS and one PMOS. A schematic for a CMOS transmission gate is seen in figure \ref{fig:trans-schematic}. When $C$ is low ($\sim C$ is high), the output $Y$ is the same as the input $A$, and when $C$ is high ($\sim C$ is low), the output $Y$ is floating. The transmission gate works well in this layout because the PMOS passes a "strong one" and the NMOS passes a "strong zero". 
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/tran-schematic.png}
+	\caption{Transmission gate schematic}
+	\label{fig:trans-schematic}
+\end{figure}
 
-This process is the essence of VLSI. It is not possible for people to build a CPU with billions of transistors one MOSFET at a time. Very large scale designs are only made possible by slowly building up a subsystem by using repeatable elements, and abstracting away the fine details.
+With only one transmission gate, the output signal quality is very good. One thing to keep in mind, however, is that unlike an inverter, where the output power comes from the rails, with a transmission gate, the output power comes directly from the input. Therefore, any noise present in the input will get passed to the output. With a standard CMOS gate, the output noise does not build from stage to stage.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/tran-signals.png}
+	\caption{Transmission gate timing diagram}
+	\label{fig:trans-signals}
+\end{figure}
+
+When it comes to the pysical layout of the transmission gate shown in figure \ref{fig:trans-layout}, one thing to keep in mind is that $C$ and $\sim C$ are inaccessible on metal1. Therefore, an additional via---metal1 to metal2---would be required for each of the two control inputs.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/tran-layout.png}
+	\caption{Transmission gate layout}
+	\label{fig:trans-layout}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+\section{NAND Gate}
+The NAND gate is the fastest two input CMOS logic gate. It has an input capacitance of 4C compared to the 5C of a NOR gate. The truth table for a NAND is seen in table \ref{tbl:nand-truth}. The output is low only when all inputs are high.
+
+\begin{table}[h]
+	\center
+	\caption{NAND gate truth table}
+	\begin{tabular}{c c | c}
+		A & B & X\\
+		\hline
+		0 & 0 & 1\\
+		0 & 1 & 1\\
+		1 & 0 & 1\\
+		1 & 1 & 0\\
+	\end{tabular}
+	\label{tbl:nand-truth}
+\end{table}
+
+The simplest two-input CMOS NAND gate has a pull-up network with two PMOS's in series and a pull-down network with two NMOS's in parallel, seen in figure \ref{fig:nand-schematic}. To establish the same resistance in both networks, all gates are twice the size of a unit transistor. Since the input capacitance is the sum of all gate capacitances for a given input, and the gate capacitance for both n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs is $kC$, we have a total input capacitance of $2C + 2C = 4C$. 
+
+For our 45[nm] technology package, the unit transistor is 120[nm]. Therfore all transistors will have a width of 240[nm]
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/nand-schematic.png}
+	\caption{Two-input CMOS NAND gate schematic}
+	\label{fig:nand-schematic}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+The workflow implemented enables the rapid re-use of circuits. This concept is important as it is not feasible to lay out every MOSFET and every connection in a larger design. By building up a design from previously designed components, keeping track of the characteristics of each piece along the way, it is much easier to create complex digital circuits.
+
+This process is the essence of VLSI. It is not possible for people to build a CPU with millions or billions of transistors one MOSFET at a time. Very large scale designs are only made possible by slowly building up a subsystem by using repeatable elements, and abstracting away the fine details.
 
 \printbibliography
 \end{document}

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/border.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+\pgfpagesdeclarelayout{boxed}
+{
+  \edef\pgfpageoptionborder{0pt}
+}
+{
+  \pgfpagesphysicalpageoptions
+  {%
+    logical pages=1,%
+  }
+  \pgfpageslogicalpageoptions{1}
+  {
+    border code=\pgfsetlinewidth{2pt}\pgfstroke,%
+    border shrink=\pgfpageoptionborder,%
+    resized width=.95\pgfphysicalwidth,%
+    resized height=.95\pgfphysicalheight,%
+    center=\pgfpoint{.5\pgfphysicalwidth}{.5\pgfphysicalheight}%
+  }%
+}

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.aux

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+\relax 
+\providecommand\hyper@newdestlabel[2]{}
+\providecommand\HyperFirstAtBeginDocument{\AtBeginDocument}
+\HyperFirstAtBeginDocument{\ifx\hyper@anchor\@undefined
+\global\let\oldnewlabel\newlabel
+\gdef\newlabel#1#2{\newlabelxx{#1}#2}
+\gdef\newlabelxx#1#2#3#4#5#6{\oldnewlabel{#1}{{#2}{#3}}}
+\AtEndDocument{\ifx\hyper@anchor\@undefined
+\let\newlabel\oldnewlabel
+\fi}
+\fi}
+\global\let\hyper@last\relax 
+\gdef\HyperFirstAtBeginDocument#1{#1}
+\providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToFields[1]{}
+\providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToCoFields[2]{}
+\abx@aux@refcontext{nty/global//global/global}
+\abx@aux@cite{0}{VLSICircuitsSystems}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{VLSICircuitsSystems}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I}Introduction}{2}{section.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {II}Half Adder}{2}{section.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {I}{\ignorespaces Half Adder Truth Table}}{2}{table.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{tbl:half-adder-truth}{{I}{2}{Half Adder Truth Table}{table.1}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces Symbol-level schematic for half adder}}{2}{figure.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:half-adder-schematic}{{1}{2}{Symbol-level schematic for half adder}{figure.1}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Logic signals for half adder}}{2}{figure.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:half-adder-logic}{{2}{2}{Logic signals for half adder}{figure.2}{}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {III}Two-to-One Multiplexer}{2}{section.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {II}{\ignorespaces Two-to-one multiplexer truth table}}{2}{table.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{tbl:mux-2-1-truth}{{II}{2}{Two-to-one multiplexer truth table}{table.2}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Two-to-one multiplexer schematic}}{3}{figure.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:mux-2-1-schematic}{{3}{3}{Two-to-one multiplexer schematic}{figure.3}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces Two-to-one multiplexer logic validation}}{3}{figure.4}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:mux-2-1-logic}{{4}{3}{Two-to-one multiplexer logic validation}{figure.4}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Layout for two-to-one multiplexer}}{3}{figure.5}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:mux-2-1-layout}{{5}{3}{Layout for two-to-one multiplexer}{figure.5}{}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {IV}Conclusion}{3}{section.4}\protected@file@percent }
+\abx@aux@read@bbl@mdfivesum{66D8CCEED3AA0C3BA637E6C13B8A8AC2}
+\abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{VLSICircuitsSystems}{nty/global//global/global}
+\gdef \@abspage@last{2}

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.bbl

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+% $ biblatex auxiliary file $
+% $ biblatex bbl format version 3.2 $
+% Do not modify the above lines!
+%
+% This is an auxiliary file used by the 'biblatex' package.
+% This file may safely be deleted. It will be recreated by
+% biber as required.
+%
+\begingroup
+\makeatletter
+\@ifundefined{ver@biblatex.sty}
+  {\@latex@error
+     {Missing 'biblatex' package}
+     {The bibliography requires the 'biblatex' package.}
+      \aftergroup\endinput}
+  {}
+\endgroup
+
+
+\refsection{0}
+  \datalist[entry]{nty/global//global/global}
+    \entry{VLSICircuitsSystems}{book}{}
+      \name{author}{1}{}{%
+        {{hash=7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}{%
+           family={Neil\bibnamedelimb H.\bibnamedelimi E.\bibnamedelimi Weste},
+           familyi={N\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim H\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim E\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim W\bibinitperiod},
+           given={David\bibnamedelimb Money\bibnamedelima Harris},
+           giveni={D\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim H\bibinitperiod}}}%
+      }
+      \list{publisher}{1}{%
+        {Pearson}%
+      }
+      \strng{namehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{fullhash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{bibnamehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{authornamehash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \strng{authorfullhash}{7bdab0d2054f0c60f1ba24c3bdf19a4f}
+      \field{sortinit}{N}
+      \field{sortinithash}{22369a73d5f88983a108b63f07f37084}
+      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
+      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
+      \field{title}{CMOS VLSI Design a Circuits and Systems Perspective, Fourth Edition}
+      \field{year}{2011}
+    \endentry
+  \enddatalist
+\endrefsection
+\endinput
+

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.blg

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[0] Config.pm:307> INFO - This is Biber 2.19
+[0] Config.pm:310> INFO - Logfile is 'lab-4.blg'
+[114] biber:340> INFO - === Sat Dec 14, 2024, 21:31:27
+[134] Biber.pm:419> INFO - Reading 'lab-4.bcf'
+[218] Biber.pm:979> INFO - Found 1 citekeys in bib section 0
+[234] Biber.pm:4419> INFO - Processing section 0
+[247] Biber.pm:4610> INFO - Looking for bibtex file 'references.bib' for section 0
+[248] bibtex.pm:1713> INFO - LaTeX decoding ...
+[251] bibtex.pm:1519> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'references.bib'
+[298] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable'
+[298] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized'
+[299] Biber.pm:4239> INFO - Sorting list 'nty/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'nty' and locale 'en-US'
+[299] Biber.pm:4245> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US'
+[301] bbl.pm:660> INFO - Writing 'lab-4.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8'
+[301] bbl.pm:763> INFO - Output to lab-4.bbl

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.fdb_latexmk

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# Fdb version 4
+["biber lab-4"] 1734229886.84474 "lab-4.bcf" "lab-4.bbl" "lab-4" 1734231462.02996 0
+  "lab-4.bcf" 1734231461.78188 107775 f8878cb5363c7c6ca930116dbefb7d91 "pdflatex"
+  "references.bib" 1732049306 558 df972a2d65f28e8a8ecebb4ee0b82d70 ""
+  (generated)
+  "lab-4.bbl"
+  "lab-4.blg"
+  (rewritten before read)
+["pdflatex"] 1734231459.03894 "lab-4.tex" "lab-4.pdf" "lab-4" 1734231462.03042 0
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathit.enc" 1202520719 2405 5dcf2c1b967ee25cc46c58cd52244aed ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-mathsy.enc" 1202520719 2840 216e6e45ad352e2456e1149f28885bee ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rm.enc" 1202520719 2327 9d6df24f9c4f7368395224341a95523a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/lm/lm-rmsc.enc" 1202520719 2355 3e74b90173fc699673a5163cee277702 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/map/fontname/texfonts.map" 1577235249 3524 cb3e574dea2d1052e39280babc910dc8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/adobe/times/ptmb7t.tfm" 1136768653 2172 fd0c924230362ff848a33632ed45dc23 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/adobe/times/ptmbi7t.tfm" 1136768653 2228 e564491c42a4540b5ebb710a75ff306c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/adobe/times/ptmr7t.tfm" 1136768653 2124 2601a75482e9426d33db523edf23570a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/adobe/times/ptmri7t.tfm" 1136768653 2288 f478fc8fed18759effb59f3dad7f3084 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/amsfonts/symbols/msam10.tfm" 1246382020 916 f87d7c45f9c908e672703b83b72241a3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/amsfonts/symbols/msbm10.tfm" 1246382020 908 2921f8a10601f252058503cc6570e581 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr12.tfm" 1136768653 1288 655e228510b4c2a1abe905c368440826 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmex10.tfm" 1148093231 992 ce925c9346c7613270a79afbee98c070 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmmi10.tfm" 1148093231 1528 6d36b2385e0ca062a654de6ac59cb34f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmmi5.tfm" 1148093231 1508 198f5b7b99b5769126de3a533f6fc334 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmmi6.tfm" 1148093231 1512 94a3fd88c6f27dbd9ecb46987e297a4e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmmi7.tfm" 1148093231 1528 d5b028dd23da623848ef0645c96a1ed7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmmi8.tfm" 1148093231 1520 a3fe5596932db2db2cbda300920dd4e9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmsy10.tfm" 1148093231 1308 02cc510f9dd6012e5815d0c0ffbf6869 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmsy5.tfm" 1148093231 1296 54ed1a711e2303d5282575278e3620b0 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmsy6.tfm" 1148093231 1300 b0605d44c16c22d99dc001808e4f24ea ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmsy7.tfm" 1148093231 1304 32f22a15acc296b2a4e15698403dcb88 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/lmsy8.tfm" 1148093231 1304 cdc9a17df9ef0d2dc320eff37bbab1c4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbx10.tfm" 1254269338 11880 35fcf136a2198418dfc53c83e9e2a07f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbx12.tfm" 1254269338 11880 ea60d06924270684e6f852f3141c992b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbx5.tfm" 1254269338 11828 9b1880528bdbe7e6035fd1b46bff1bbb ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbx7.tfm" 1254269338 11864 44cdb751af976143ebc0bed7eb1df9f4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbx8.tfm" 1254269338 11868 731e03b24d399279cf9609d002110394 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbx9.tfm" 1254269338 11872 6fc83bd89656207db7e11b4f7ac7546e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmbxi10.tfm" 1254269338 17000 ee24f610e440d069ed0693c37a39a025 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmcsc10.tfm" 1254269338 11088 74137ed57ef5d28227a6f78692896bed ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr10.tfm" 1254269338 11868 4f81e9b6033c032bdaf9884f4d7ef412 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr12.tfm" 1254269338 11888 6841b91e46b65cf41a49b160e6e74130 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr17.tfm" 1254269338 11948 fa976674f030491ad35532a8a1e37325 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr5.tfm" 1254269338 11804 aefb10c002e6492c25236524a447f969 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr6.tfm" 1254269338 11836 e3b6ce3e601aec94f64a536e7f4224d5 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr7.tfm" 1254269338 11852 5a9022f105fd1ee2797df861e79ae9a0 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr8.tfm" 1254269338 11864 309fd7f43e4a0ba39f6f7644d76e8edf ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmr9.tfm" 1254269338 11884 c93929a6974dce79eabb778f219d7e18 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmri10.tfm" 1254269338 16968 1b588d0f410bd67a83eaecf8c64b2a43 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmri12.tfm" 1254269338 16968 09a34e0af90920bbcece784f13606525 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmri7.tfm" 1254269338 16984 f7462c768466838a2a9e916b6dee71c6 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmri8.tfm" 1254269338 16976 7228e7c7bc486e2318fc496e0de33875 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/lm/rm-lmri9.tfm" 1254269338 16968 4675b6ed6aaa9b6b1446f80f565cd449 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr12.pfb" 1248133631 32722 d7379af29a190c3f453aba36302ff5a9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmcsc10.pfb" 1255129361 116427 4a5b1ccaa7cce719091920a86b58608d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi10.pfb" 1254269338 30388 702fae6a5f0e6e9c48a1d872b442ffcf ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmmi8.pfb" 1254269338 30635 833ec815d446ec453a4913fc26d24cbc ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr10.pfb" 1255129361 119235 f35b44530a1d90eb90fe15d9cba67ea0 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr12.pfb" 1255129361 113634 f99c44d58bae0863375faf0e1d74d612 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr6.pfb" 1255129361 123394 d390152bb30feeb496aaaa93299ee9ba ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr7.pfb" 1255129361 121145 68312a933e2c689ed40ec0aba373e279 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmr8.pfb" 1255129361 122174 a7a08406857c9530a0320a2517f60370 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmri10.pfb" 1255129361 112593 fda2373ba4420af33949610de4c28fe8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmsy10.pfb" 1254269338 27863 09ce3735688ffde955e72da27c95b61a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/lm/lmsy8.pfb" 1254269338 27802 5c876bb2c4040caaf035d60bd74a86bd ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/context/base/mkii/supp-pdf.mkii" 1714953600 71627 94eb9990bed73c364d7f53f960cc8c5b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/atbegshi/atbegshi.sty" 1575674566 24708 5584a51a7101caf7e6bbf1fc27d8f7b1 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/bigintcalc/bigintcalc.sty" 1576625341 40635 c40361e206be584d448876bba8a64a3b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/bitset/bitset.sty" 1576016050 33961 6b5c75130e435b2bfdb9f480a09a39f9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcirc.defines.tex" 1676150174 41491 b8ddb0f1ed2a6fefae31b16c8e63d7db ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircbipoles.tex" 1676150174 287228 0dfea17c7a651a122fd71b6ce5f91710 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcirccurrent.tex" 1676150174 9538 5ecfacd0f3b34205ead5278f651188f9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircflow.tex" 1676150174 9804 c798ad5aecf136173107e22d62a2ab4b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcirclabel.tex" 1676150174 15442 8a06ce9a1920d49cb363c6a3d0cf1c22 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircmonopoles.tex" 1676150174 57153 b72aab3bad2075a7b7f1ffe87287f977 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircmultipoles.tex" 1676150174 115961 ea652d270cfbc38b7e6bfefbac5a18c8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircpath.tex" 1676150174 16722 8cc3539f0302eebd74642e8a97088e56 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircquadpoles.tex" 1676150174 84002 bfd4cd62a7e1e182f72489f1a7efb560 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircshapes.tex" 1676150174 33313 50bf4b70ae25ad21f9afc21d289414a5 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcirctripoles.tex" 1676150174 381107 e1076ea836a97e7688e8889045ccad82 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircutils.tex" 1676150174 14587 de7a079a39b08e55015e2efa9749ac37 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/circuitikz/pgfcircvoltage.tex" 1676150174 35438 87cdfd99d689ab7713a3f9ea6d9e5c63 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/etexcmds/etexcmds.sty" 1576625273 7734 b98cbb34c81f667027c1e3ebdbfce34b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/gettitlestring/gettitlestring.sty" 1576625223 8371 9d55b8bd010bc717624922fb3477d92e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/iftex/iftex.sty" 1644112042 7237 bdd120a32c8fdb4b433cf9ca2e7cd98a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/iftex/ifvtex.sty" 1572645307 1057 525c2192b5febbd8c1f662c9468335bb ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/infwarerr/infwarerr.sty" 1575499628 8356 7bbb2c2373aa810be568c29e333da8ed ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/intcalc/intcalc.sty" 1576625065 31769 002a487f55041f8e805cfbf6385ffd97 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/kvdefinekeys/kvdefinekeys.sty" 1576878844 5412 d5a2436094cd7be85769db90f29250a6 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/ltxcmds/ltxcmds.sty" 1600895880 17859 4409f8f50cd365c68e684407e5350b1b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pdfescape/pdfescape.sty" 1576015897 19007 15924f7228aca6c6d184b115f4baa231 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pdftexcmds/pdftexcmds.sty" 1593379760 20089 80423eac55aa175305d35b49e04fe23b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcore.code.tex" 1673816307 1016 1c2b89187d12a2768764b83b4945667c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorearrows.code.tex" 1601326656 43820 1fef971b75380574ab35a0d37fd92608 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoreexternal.code.tex" 1601326656 19324 f4e4c6403dd0f1605fd20ed22fa79dea ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoregraphicstate.code.tex" 1601326656 6038 ccb406740cc3f03bbfb58ad504fe8c27 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoreimage.code.tex" 1673816307 6911 f6d4cf5a3fef5cc879d668b810e82868 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorelayers.code.tex" 1601326656 4883 42daaf41e27c3735286e23e48d2d7af9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoreobjects.code.tex" 1601326656 2544 8c06d2a7f0f469616ac9e13db6d2f842 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorepathconstruct.code.tex" 1601326656 44195 5e390c414de027626ca5e2df888fa68d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorepathprocessing.code.tex" 1601326656 17311 2ef6b2e29e2fc6a2fc8d6d652176e257 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorepathusage.code.tex" 1601326656 21302 788a79944eb22192a4929e46963a3067 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorepatterns.code.tex" 1673816307 9691 3d42d89522f4650c2f3dc616ca2b925e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorepoints.code.tex" 1601326656 33335 dd1fa4814d4e51f18be97d88bf0da60c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorequick.code.tex" 1601326656 2965 4c2b1f4e0826925746439038172e5d6f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorerdf.code.tex" 1601326656 5196 2cc249e0ee7e03da5f5f6589257b1e5b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcorescopes.code.tex" 1673816307 20821 7579108c1e9363e61a0b1584778804aa ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoreshade.code.tex" 1601326656 35249 abd4adf948f960299a4b3d27c5dddf46 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoretransformations.code.tex" 1673816307 22012 81b34a0aa8fa1a6158cc6220b00e4f10 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcoretransparency.code.tex" 1601326656 8893 e851de2175338fdf7c17f3e091d94618 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibrarybending.code.tex" 1601326656 345 9efe6b557b64ab0401dc06a4ef8ca04c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibrarycalc.code.tex" 1601326656 15929 463535aa2c4268fead6674a75c0e8266 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibrarydecorations.code.tex" 1673816307 5628 dc0ee4ba7f3e40acae5600067ce833de ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibrarydecorations.pathmorphing.code.tex" 1601326656 321 cdd11262840e01e25374a2d458f15e99 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibrarydecorations.pathreplacing.code.tex" 1601326656 1319 0b2de5126c6cbc295f0eb77f7344b34d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibraryfpu.code.tex" 1601326656 283 0802c14f542ec5204d2d1cc89f08a4d2 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibraryplotmarks.code.tex" 1601326656 325 36322b0789619b270aec5993d5a9ed08 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzlibrarytopaths.code.tex" 1608933718 11518 738408f795261b70ce8dd47459171309 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/tikz.code.tex" 1673816307 186782 af500404a9edec4d362912fe762ded92 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/decorations/pgflibrarydecorations.pathmorphing.code.tex" 1601326656 8843 5533436db3e30fbad1e0440db6027dac ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/decorations/pgflibrarydecorations.pathreplacing.code.tex" 1601326656 7474 f05a7223b140f230922562ac6a9fede5 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/pgflibraryarrows.meta.code.tex" 1601326656 58801 1e750fb0692eb99aaac45698bbec96b1 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/pgflibrarycurvilinear.code.tex" 1601326656 14117 ce877c5ca2b43f31c2cd81e74cc26bd9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/pgflibraryfpu.code.tex" 1608933718 85938 8e4ba97c5906e1c0d158aea81fe29af7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/pgflibraryplothandlers.code.tex" 1601326656 32995 ac577023e12c0e4bd8aa420b2e852d1a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/pgflibraryplotmarks.code.tex" 1673816307 14526 4bc184b12436aa7f6490b2d2036870ef ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfint.code.tex" 1557692582 3063 8c415c68a0f3394e45cfeca0b65f6ee6 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmath.code.tex" 1673816307 949 cea70942e7b7eddabfb3186befada2e6 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathcalc.code.tex" 1673816307 13270 2e54f2ce7622437bf37e013d399743e3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfloat.code.tex" 1673816307 104717 9b2393fbf004a0ce7fa688dbce423848 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.base.code.tex" 1601326656 10165 cec5fa73d49da442e56efc2d605ef154 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.basic.code.tex" 1601326656 28178 41c17713108e0795aac6fef3d275fbca ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.code.tex" 1673816307 9649 85779d3d8d573bfd2cd4137ba8202e60 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.comparison.code.tex" 1601326656 3865 ac538ab80c5cf82b345016e474786549 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.integerarithmetics.code.tex" 1557692582 3177 27d85c44fbfe09ff3b2cf2879e3ea434 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.misc.code.tex" 1621110968 11024 0179538121bc2dba172013a3ef89519f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.random.code.tex" 1673816307 7890 0a86dbf4edfd88d022e0d889ec78cc03 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.round.code.tex" 1601326656 3379 781797a101f647bab82741a99944a229 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathfunctions.trigonometric.code.tex" 1601326656 92405 f515f31275db273f97b9d8f52e1b0736 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathparser.code.tex" 1673816307 37466 97b0a1ba732e306a1a2034f5a73e239f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/math/pgfmathutil.code.tex" 1601326656 8471 c2883569d03f69e8e1cabfef4999cfd7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmodulebending.code.tex" 1601326656 10901 2a1622fae7fe4eb4574c13e264019b2f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmoduledecorations.code.tex" 1673816307 71742 3da44a8be6626eef1c400c68776c7a0f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmodulematrix.code.tex" 1673816307 21211 1e73ec76bd73964d84197cc3d2685b01 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmodulenonlineartransformations.code.tex" 1601326656 12243 a8b138086af750a4e0d253790eb930d8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmoduleplot.code.tex" 1601326656 16121 346f9013d34804439f7436ff6786cef7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmoduleshapes.code.tex" 1673816307 44792 271e2e1934f34c759f4dedb1e14a5015 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/pgf.revision.tex" 1673816307 114 e6d443369d0673933b38834bf99e422d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgf.cfg" 1601326656 926 2963ea0dcf6cc6c0a770b69ec46a477b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys-common-pdf.def" 1673816307 5542 32f75a31ea6c3a7e1148cd6d5e93dbb7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys-luatex.def" 1673816307 13255 83878f3f820beccc0dd1c2683dabc65e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys-pdftex.def" 1673816307 12612 7774ba67bfd72e593c4436c2de6201e3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys.code.tex" 1673816307 61351 bc5f86e0355834391e736e97a61abced ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsysprotocol.code.tex" 1601326656 1896 b8e0ca0ac371d74c0ca05583f6313c91 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsyssoftpath.code.tex" 1601326656 7778 53c8b5623d80238f6a20aa1df1868e63 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/utilities/pgffor.code.tex" 1673816307 24033 d8893a1ec4d1bfa101b172754743d340 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/utilities/pgfkeys.code.tex" 1673816307 39784 414c54e866ebab4b801e2ad81d9b21d8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/utilities/pgfkeyslibraryfiltered.code.tex" 1673816307 37433 940bc6d409f1ffd298adfdcaf125dd86 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/utilities/pgfrcs.code.tex" 1673816307 4385 510565c2f07998c8a0e14f0ec07ff23c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/utilities/pgfutil-common.tex" 1673816307 29239 22e8c7516012992a49873eff0d868fed ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/utilities/pgfutil-latex.def" 1673816307 6950 8524a062d82b7afdc4a88a57cb377784 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/libs/pgflibrarypgfplots.surfshading.code.tex" 1452211337 22701 5fab7b8ebb90b053dc067d1bd37e43c2 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/libs/pgfplotslibrary.code.tex" 1422740226 3047 aa82404aec57311271f4991c44bd71dc ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/libs/tikzlibrarypgfplots.contourlua.code.tex" 1620507943 2931 5d52092da9e839accd7c9026062fe5c3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/liststructure/pgfplotsarray.code.tex" 1496704190 23537 54be8160344d894595f6d145b1311658 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/liststructure/pgfplotsdeque.code.tex" 1262481251 4288 b8d6247899b21e3bb66bb11b24d30f2c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/liststructure/pgfplotsliststructure.code.tex" 1452211337 13828 11d1b09335a4a8baa693dd1e6cac3edf ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/liststructure/pgfplotsliststructureext.code.tex" 1496704190 24373 6544c1554e5da33118301011eb03058d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/liststructure/pgfplotsmatrix.code.tex" 1364427911 18861 7dc35832c8ccea3aa73cdcd75ec0a60b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/numtable/pgfplotstableshared.code.tex" 1583276309 83469 f77a7d8a23834d4c2472f8dba8e67bff ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/oldpgfcompatib/pgfplotsoldpgfsupp_loader.code.tex" 1583276309 12347 43d867ea29e34d528123d9ef750aa146 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/oldpgfcompatib/pgfplotsoldpgfsupp_pgfutil-common-lists.tex" 1496704190 8008 3bb2d07671e6afab7dcb90dfaec572a4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplots.code.tex" 1620507943 485274 aafeb7052fbed4c8aba6fcc36c94ea72 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplots.errorbars.code.tex" 1452211337 22428 72578a4c9324bc5dfafe23fe64f64024 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplots.markers.code.tex" 1583276309 12489 859c23df41fb9067128ef5a64b01c0a4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplots.paths.code.tex" 1583276309 3533 973f376afa5a4526f16b11630b9931b4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplots.revision.tex" 1621284213 520 2a55e10851bbb34fb49a8e1d6b50a09b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplots.scaling.code.tex" 1523216742 123680 d33fda4929d7200c3e6f0ec83c006aef ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotscoordprocessing.code.tex" 1583276309 367035 be5ad6faf030b5e07b899b712359f9d2 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotscore.code.tex" 1470951798 19944 7957349fbe31c4e8dea9de4cd41cb086 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotsmeshplothandler.code.tex" 1496704190 133871 7247b31742a2240343a6739cb76d6821 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotsmeshplotimage.code.tex" 1620507943 25239 bf1615252744653354985789b73e7404 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotsplothandlers.code.tex" 1620507943 120954 bdf135670013db80411b2fb0f95876ac ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotsstackedplots.code.tex" 1620507943 26393 a7d9bbecdd0db20d652c909dac892e25 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/pgfplotsticks.code.tex" 1583276309 91244 1a0e9e49b7a2d10d1b1a610306ba4f8c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/sys/pgflibrarypgfplots.surfshading.pgfsys-pdftex.def" 1470951798 5907 9dc460712c23e5b3338820499d47608c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/sys/pgfplotssysgeneric.code.tex" 1351287374 3095 c82d281b748902a65be2ccca97360b11 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/util/pgfplotsbinary.code.tex" 1430688073 23050 a369aa910ef860a3621fe0459faa335c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/util/pgfplotsbinary.data.code.tex" 1346285630 26859 7a4ee9d206fb0a0daa0d3108445afb57 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/util/pgfplotscolor.code.tex" 1380839021 23958 1b96260863091af1669c3a38b1c4c9af ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/util/pgfplotscolormap.code.tex" 1496704190 88956 018b2512ef27998e97af72e8b1dcdbd5 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/util/pgfplotsutil.code.tex" 1620507943 71792 dba1b75b15201895eb36f142f13b3238 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgfplots/util/pgfplotsutil.verb.code.tex" 1312159636 3286 c17079ba50483e1ac1721268ea016041 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/uniquecounter/uniquecounter.sty" 1576624663 7008 f92eaa0a3872ed622bbf538217cd2ab7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xkeyval/xkeyval.tex" 1655411236 19231 27205ee17aaa2902aea3e0c07a3cfc65 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xkeyval/xkvutils.tex" 1655411236 7677 9cb1a74d945bc9331f2181c0a59ff34a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xstring/xstring.sty" 1544223003 123 a302f2c651a95033260db60e51527ae8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xstring/xstring.tex" 1673816135 48215 374fa42173896b227f2f50bc75dfda91 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsfonts/amsfonts.sty" 1359763108 5949 3f3fd50a8cc94c3d4cbf4fc66cd3df1c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsfonts/amssymb.sty" 1359763108 13829 94730e64147574077f8ecfea9bb69af4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsbsy.sty" 1654720880 2222 78b930a5a6e3dc2ac69b78c2057b94d7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsgen.sty" 1654720880 4173 c989ee3ced31418e3593916ab26c793a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsmath.sty" 1654720880 88393 1adf6fa3f245270d06e3d4f8910f7fc5 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amsopn.sty" 1654720880 4474 f04cd1cc7bd76eb033e6fb12eb6a0d77 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsmath/amstext.sty" 1654720880 2444 70065bddd85997dc1fd0bb7ae634e5fa ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/atveryend/atveryend.sty" 1576191570 19336 ce7ae9438967282886b3b036cfad1e4d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/auxhook/auxhook.sty" 1576625391 3935 57aa3c3e203a5c2effb4d2bd2efbc323 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/atbegshi-ltx.sty" 1714953600 3052 30236f0cc243a8651b82240dfd2e8b9d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/atveryend-ltx.sty" 1714953600 2462 8ce5f9a9c63002f2c1af03c262cf29af ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/ifthen.sty" 1714953600 5319 48d7f3cfa322abd2788e3c09d624b922 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/textcomp.sty" 1714953600 2894 f2f8ee7d4fb94263f9f255fa22cab2d3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/bbx/numeric.bbx" 1609451401 1818 9ed166ac0a9204a8ebe450ca09db5dde ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/bbx/standard.bbx" 1609451401 25680 409c3f3d570418bc545e8065bebd0688 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/biblatex.cfg" 1342308459 69 249fa6df04d948e51b6d5c67bea30c42 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/biblatex.def" 1678141846 92527 8f6b3a677f74ea525477a813f33c4e65 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/biblatex.sty" 1678141846 528517 7eed285c714f532e12ae48b360c080f8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/blx-case-expl3.sty" 1609451401 8433 72f8188742e7214b7068f345cd0287ac ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/blx-compat.def" 1643926307 13919 5426dbe90e723f089052b4e908b56ef9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/blx-dm.def" 1643926307 32455 8d3e554836db11aab80a8e11be62e1b1 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/cbx/numeric.cbx" 1678141846 4629 cda468e8a0b1cfa0f61872e171037a4b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/lbx/english.lbx" 1643926307 39965 48ce9ce3350aba9457f1020b1deba5cf ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/circuitikz/circuitikz.sty" 1676150174 13737 560234075345a79d98d37322dfcecfa4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/datetime/datetime-defaults.sty" 1427500626 4105 4c80eaed8cd4f9a80cc6244c0adeb81f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/datetime/datetime.sty" 1427500626 27587 b023ffe1328fa89e7f133201d87029de ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/enumitem/enumitem.sty" 1561238569 51697 f8f08183cd2080d9d18a41432d651dfb ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/epstopdf-pkg/epstopdf-base.sty" 1579991033 13886 d1306dcf79a944f6988e688c1785f9ce ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/etoolbox/etoolbox.sty" 1601931149 46845 3b58f70c6e861a13d927bff09d35ecbc ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/float/float.sty" 1137110151 6749 16d2656a1984957e674b149555f1ea1d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fmtcount/fc-english.def" 1580337424 14353 f66b7dd28616119c2519cd5cc4dcae14 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fmtcount/fcnumparser.sty" 1580337424 12389 43a81443714469abac77ce09f44ad2e2 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fmtcount/fcprefix.sty" 1580337424 12098 5c732241af77b5f0e56e640b7d538395 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fmtcount/fmtcount.sty" 1582668197 30872 ed70d543c537f19c96fc753321f1c3cc ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/geometry/geometry.sty" 1578002852 41601 9cf6c5257b1bc7af01a58859749dd37a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-cfg/color.cfg" 1459978653 1213 620bba36b25224fa9b7e1ccb4ecb76fd ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-cfg/graphics.cfg" 1465944070 1224 978390e9c2234eab29404bc21b268d1e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-def/pdftex.def" 1663965824 19448 1e988b341dda20961a6b931bcde55519 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/color.sty" 1654720880 7233 e46ce9241d2b2ca2a78155475fdd557a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/epsfig.sty" 1654720880 3449 f3ec22800fdd089ce68250fc1e50dd90 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/graphics.sty" 1654720880 18387 8f900a490197ebaf93c02ae9476d4b09 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/graphicx.sty" 1654720880 8010 a8d949cbdbc5c983593827c9eec252e1 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty" 1654720880 2671 7e67d78d9b88c845599a85b2d41f2e39 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/mathcolor.ltx" 1667332637 2885 9c645d672ae17285bba324998918efd8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/trig.sty" 1654720880 4023 293ea1c16429fc0c4cf605f4da1791a9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hycolor/hycolor.sty" 1580250785 17914 4c28a13fc3d975e6e81c9bea1d697276 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/hpdftex.def" 1675889938 48272 99ede602a8ace626d8ed02f058a4bf8e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/hyperref.sty" 1675889938 223129 4edf043af471f3251c66e432cfa22987 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/nameref.sty" 1675889938 12947 1ce831528e963a8568de1f4d67cfb982 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/pd1enc.def" 1675889938 14249 d947c5c09f3af04ae2f37fc11c7ac2f6 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/puenc.def" 1675889938 117125 aa115cac3914abcf3769f370e6325117 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/ieeetran/IEEEtran.cls" 1440712899 281957 5b2e4fa15b0f7eabb840ebf67df4c0f7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/kvoptions/kvoptions.sty" 1655478651 22555 6d8e155cfef6d82c3d5c742fea7c992e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/kvsetkeys/kvsetkeys.sty" 1665067230 13815 760b0c02f691ea230f5359c4e1de23a7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3backend/l3backend-pdftex.def" 1673989714 30429 213676d4c7327a21d91ddaed900e7b81 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3kernel/expl3.sty" 1677186603 6107 5cfea8a675c58918b8c04be10261e48c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3packages/xparse/xparse.sty" 1675461949 6812 3c152a1c8d562d7b7291c4839b61a5c3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig/epstopdf-sys.cfg" 1279039959 678 4792914a8f45be57bb98413425e4c7af ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/letltxmacro/letltxmacro.sty" 1575499565 5766 13a9e8766c47f30327caf893ece86ac8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lm/lmodern.sty" 1616454256 1608 b00724785a9e9c599e5181bb8729160b ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lm/omllmm.fd" 1616454256 890 57f5adccd504fb5c98bdf99ed7e7f195 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lm/omslmsy.fd" 1616454256 807 3de192f3efa968913bd2f096a7b430d8 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lm/omxlmex.fd" 1616454256 568 a5494d810f2680caf10205cd1226c76c ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lm/ot1lmr.fd" 1616454256 1882 28c08db1407ebff35a658fd141753d16 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/logreq/logreq.def" 1284153563 1620 fb1c32b818f2058eca187e5c41dfae77 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/logreq/logreq.sty" 1284153563 6187 b27afc771af565d3a9ff1ca7d16d0d46 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/basiclayer/pgf.sty" 1601326656 1090 bae35ef70b3168089ef166db3e66f5b2 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/basiclayer/pgfcore.sty" 1673816307 373 00b204b1d7d095b892ad31a7494b0373 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/compatibility/pgfcomp-version-0-65.sty" 1601326656 21013 f4ff83d25bb56552493b030f27c075ae ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/compatibility/pgfcomp-version-1-18.sty" 1601326656 989 c49c8ae06d96f8b15869da7428047b1e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz.sty" 1601326656 339 c2e180022e3afdb99c7d0ea5ce469b7d ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/math/pgfmath.sty" 1601326656 306 c56a323ca5bf9242f54474ced10fca71 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys.sty" 1601326656 443 8c872229db56122037e86bcda49e14f3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/utilities/pgffor.sty" 1601326656 348 ee405e64380c11319f0e249fed57e6c5 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/utilities/pgfkeys.sty" 1601326656 274 5ae372b7df79135d240456a1c6f2cf9a ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/utilities/pgfpages.sty" 1601326656 36299 1cc9347091c2fb861270e66da42a0a3e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/utilities/pgfrcs.sty" 1601326656 325 f9f16d12354225b7dd52a3321f085955 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgfplots/pgfplots.sty" 1496704190 4904 ee78b44e85d6fccf08cd99370557481e ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/mathptmx.sty" 1586716065 4631 6e41de2b7a83dfa5d2c4b0a2fe01f046 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/ot1ptm.fd" 1137110629 961 15056f4a61917ceed3a44e4ac11fcc52 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/times.sty" 1586716065 856 8e0e5c8cca7b18e0400f97f5a2b90a99 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/ragged2e/ragged2e.sty" 1677362723 9903 09f80fdf0b87d68a09f505be77f1e9d0 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/refcount/refcount.sty" 1576624809 9878 9e94e8fa600d95f9c7731bb21dfb67a4 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/rerunfilecheck/rerunfilecheck.sty" 1657483315 9714 ba3194bd52c8499b3f1e3eb91d409670 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/siunitx/siunitx.sty" 1679417759 313077 465f12244efde4fa1ab9d689555d76fd ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty" 1667332637 12691 5b542990fe866f3d772f71346cf85b95 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/calc.sty" 1654720880 10214 de3e21cfc0eccc98ca7f8dac0ef263d2 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/translations/translations-basic-dictionary-english.trsl" 1644096163 5588 0c1628daf15f4411ff1f463114c634a3 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/translations/translations.sty" 1644096163 44247 2188b95d0ee74e31eca4d316263c58a7 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/url/url.sty" 1388531844 12796 8edb7d69a20b857904dd0ea757c14ec9 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/xcolor/xcolor.sty" 1655066402 56148 51a9a8571c07b9921892ae11063ae853 ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/xkeyval/xkeyval.sty" 1655411236 4937 4ce600ce9bd4ec84d0250eb6892fcf4f ""
+  "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1714953600 40900 887e0dc8cac988a9e9c574af364cf837 ""
+  "/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map" 1727129911.05106 4547809 72a019b3ea2e5a9ca986a536dc67eb1c ""
+  "/var/lib/texmf/web2c/pdftex/pdflatex.fmt" 1731458907 7753307 dd8d670ee6dc0c84274d90c784746549 ""
+  "border.tex" 1732049285 415 4d4e267e57028b0f51f0b4d6482995e8 ""
+  "graphics/half-adder-logic.png" 1733777991 159374 bcd095a970ea4c1ea053351e31f048ef ""
+  "graphics/half-adder-schematic.png" 1733778550 15078 dfdc01d38cf13809c7106a6f284158e2 ""
+  "graphics/mux-2-1-layout.png" 1734204962 69425 57b2ea57aecf838023ab1b2d5a92de7c ""
+  "graphics/mux-2-1-logic.png" 1734203491 75703 91b8aaa2ce391feca5552f98c5e194f1 ""
+  "graphics/mux-2-1-schematic.png" 1734196218 10614 407df827064cdc29eb067166ce6904f3 ""
+  "lab-4.aux" 1734231461.77588 2864 ff2b435289a3dec2c8e47e529feed612 "pdflatex"
+  "lab-4.bbl" 1734229888.01032 1765 66d8cceed3aa0c3ba637e6c13b8a8ac2 "biber lab-4"
+  "lab-4.out" 1734231461.77688 448 0863de2c34c7310be058126406f91827 "pdflatex"
+  "lab-4.run.xml" 1734231461.78288 2312 85462984ca17cacc5cbd4fc84fec8e73 "pdflatex"
+  "lab-4.tex" 1734231458.66887 7830 ca89ac77399e460a375f483754be9a31 ""
+  (generated)
+  "lab-4.aux"
+  "lab-4.bcf"
+  "lab-4.log"
+  "lab-4.out"
+  "lab-4.pdf"
+  "lab-4.run.xml"
+  (rewritten before read)

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1}{\376\377\000I\000n\000t\000r\000o\000d\000u\000c\000t\000i\000o\000n}{}% 1
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2}{\376\377\000H\000a\000l\000f\000\040\000A\000d\000d\000e\000r}{}% 2
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3}{\376\377\000T\000w\000o\000-\000t\000o\000-\000O\000n\000e\000\040\000M\000u\000l\000t\000i\000p\000l\000e\000x\000e\000r}{}% 3
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4}{\376\377\000C\000o\000n\000c\000l\000u\000s\000i\000o\000n}{}% 4

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.run.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
+<!-- logreq request file -->
+<!-- logreq version 1.0 / dtd version 1.0 -->
+<!-- Do not edit this file! -->
+<!DOCTYPE requests [
+  <!ELEMENT requests (internal | external)*>
+  <!ELEMENT internal (generic, (provides | requires)*)>
+  <!ELEMENT external (generic, cmdline?, input?, output?, (provides | requires)*)>
+  <!ELEMENT cmdline (binary, (option | infile | outfile)*)>
+  <!ELEMENT input (file)+>
+  <!ELEMENT output (file)+>
+  <!ELEMENT provides (file)+>
+  <!ELEMENT requires (file)+>
+  <!ELEMENT generic (#PCDATA)>
+  <!ELEMENT binary (#PCDATA)>
+  <!ELEMENT option (#PCDATA)>
+  <!ELEMENT infile (#PCDATA)>
+  <!ELEMENT outfile (#PCDATA)>
+  <!ELEMENT file (#PCDATA)>
+  <!ATTLIST requests
+    version CDATA #REQUIRED
+  >
+  <!ATTLIST internal
+    package CDATA #REQUIRED
+    priority (9) #REQUIRED
+    active (0 | 1) #REQUIRED
+  >
+  <!ATTLIST external
+    package CDATA #REQUIRED
+    priority (1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8) #REQUIRED
+    active (0 | 1) #REQUIRED
+  >
+  <!ATTLIST provides
+    type (static | dynamic | editable) #REQUIRED
+  >
+  <!ATTLIST requires
+    type (static | dynamic | editable) #REQUIRED
+  >
+  <!ATTLIST file
+    type CDATA #IMPLIED
+  >
+]>
+<requests version="1.0">
+  <internal package="biblatex" priority="9" active="0">
+    <generic>latex</generic>
+    <provides type="dynamic">
+      <file>lab-4.bcf</file>
+    </provides>
+    <requires type="dynamic">
+      <file>lab-4.bbl</file>
+    </requires>
+    <requires type="static">
+      <file>blx-dm.def</file>
+      <file>blx-compat.def</file>
+      <file>biblatex.def</file>
+      <file>standard.bbx</file>
+      <file>numeric.bbx</file>
+      <file>numeric.cbx</file>
+      <file>biblatex.cfg</file>
+      <file>english.lbx</file>
+    </requires>
+  </internal>
+  <external package="biblatex" priority="5" active="0">
+    <generic>biber</generic>
+    <cmdline>
+      <binary>biber</binary>
+      <infile>lab-4</infile>
+    </cmdline>
+    <input>
+      <file>lab-4.bcf</file>
+    </input>
+    <output>
+      <file>lab-4.bbl</file>
+    </output>
+    <provides type="dynamic">
+      <file>lab-4.bbl</file>
+    </provides>
+    <requires type="dynamic">
+      <file>lab-4.bcf</file>
+    </requires>
+    <requires type="editable">
+      <file>references.bib</file>
+    </requires>
+  </external>
+</requests>

7th-Semester-Fall-2024/VLSI/labs/lab-4/lab-4.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}
+\usepackage[siunitx]{circuitikz}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+%\usepackage{lipsum}
+\usepackage{color}
+\usepackage{enumitem}
+\usepackage{epsfig} 
+\usepackage{mathptmx} 
+\usepackage{times} 
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amssymb}  
+\usepackage{float}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+%\usepackage{setspace}
+%\usepackage{tikz}
+\usepackage{circuitikz}
+\usepackage{pgfplots}
+\usepackage{textcomp}
+%\usepgfplotslibrary{external}
+%\tikzexternalize
+%\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+%\usepackage[english]{babel}
+%\usepackage{pgf}
+\usepackage{pgfpages}
+\usepackage[margin=0.4in]{geometry}
+\usepackage{lmodern}
+\usepackage{datetime}
+\usepackage{ragged2e}
+\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
+\input{border.tex}
+\pgfpagesuselayout{boxed}
+
+\newenvironment{aside}[1]
+    {\begin{center}
+    \begin{tabular}{|p{0.4\textwidth}|}
+    \hline\\
+	\begin{center}
+	\textbf{#1---An Aside}\\
+	\end{center}
+	}
+	{
+    \\\\\hline
+    \end{tabular} 
+    \end{center}
+	}
+
+\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor}% correct bad hyphenation here
+
+\addbibresource{references.bib}
+
+\font\myfont=cmr12 at 15pt 
+\title{\myfont Applying Simple CMOS Gates} 
+\author{Aidan Sharpe}
+
+\providecommand{\keywords}[1]{\textbf{\textit{Keywords---}} #1}
+\providecommand{\e}[1]{\ensuremath{\times 10^{#1}}}
+\setlength{\columnsep}{7mm}
+\pgfplotsset{compat=1.15}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\section{Introduction}
+In our previous exercises, we constructed several simple CMOS gates. Specifically, we made an inverter, a transmission gate, and a two-input NAND gate. In this exercise, we combined these simple gates together to obtain more complex behaviors. 
+
+We used transmission gates and the inverter to construct a two to one multiplexer, and we used multiple NAND gates to create a half-adder.
+
+\section{Half Adder}
+A half adder is a device that has two inputs $A$ and $B$, and two outputs: the sum ($Y$) and the carry ($C$). For simplification reasons, we opted to keep our carry out inverted ($\sim C$). The relationship between the inputs and outputs is seen in table \ref{tbl:half-adder-truth}. The sum is high when the sum of $A$ and $B$ is one, and low when the sum modulo two is zero. The carry out is only high when the sum of $A$ and $B$ is two. Therefore, the inverted carry out $\sim C$ is always high unless the sum of $A$ and $B$ is two, in which case, $\sim C$ is low.
+
+\begin{table}[h]
+	\center
+	\caption{Half Adder Truth Table}
+	\begin{tabular}{ c c | c c}
+		$A$ & $B$ & $Y$ & $\sim C$\\
+		\hline
+		0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
+		0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
+		1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\
+		1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
+	\end{tabular}
+	\label{tbl:half-adder-truth}
+\end{table}
+
+We explored several half adder designs during this exercise, and we settled on using a simple design with four NAND gates combined as shown in figure \ref{fig:half-adder-schematic}. We ultimately decided on this design for its combination of speed and simplicity.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/half-adder-schematic.png}
+	\caption{Symbol-level schematic for half adder}
+	\label{fig:half-adder-schematic}
+\end{figure}
+
+To validate our design matches the desired behavior, we assembled a simulation that tests every combination of $A$ and $B$. This was done with two square waves, each at 50\% duty cycle. The input to $A$ had a 1[ns] period of oscillation, while the input to $B$ had a 2[ns] period. Together, the signals create a two-bit binary counter. The signals from the simulation, seen in figure \ref{fig:half-adder-logic}, matched the expected behavior. The teal trace, the inverted carry out $\sim C$, is only low when both $A$ and $B$ are high. Additionally, the magenta trace, the sum $Y$, is high when only one of $A$ and $B$ is high.
+
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/half-adder-logic.png}
+	\caption{Logic signals for half adder}
+	\label{fig:half-adder-logic}
+\end{figure}
+
+Taking a closer look at the traces in figure \ref{fig:half-adder-logic}, it is important to note that rise time for the output is actually smaller than the rise time of the inputs. This effect means that the switching time for our transistors is faster than our input.
+
+\section{Two-to-One Multiplexer}
+Our two-to-one multiplexer (mux) is a signal control device. The control signal $S_0$ selects which of the two inputs $A_0$ or $A_1$ is passed to the output $Y$. 
+
+\begin{table}[h]
+	\center
+	\caption{Two-to-one multiplexer truth table}
+	\begin{tabular}{ c | c}
+		$S_0$ & $Y$ \\
+		\hline
+		0 & $A_0$ \\
+		1 & $A_1$ \\
+	\end{tabular}
+	\label{tbl:mux-2-1-truth}
+\end{table}
+
+Our design used two transmission gates---one for each input---to determine if the signal should be passed through or not. We also used an inverter to send the opposite control signal to one of the transmission gates. This way, only one of the two signals would be passed through at any given time. This setup is realized with a schematic in figure \ref{fig:mux-2-1-schematic}.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/mux-2-1-schematic.png}
+	\caption{Two-to-one multiplexer schematic}
+	\label{fig:mux-2-1-schematic}
+\end{figure}
+
+Again, we tested that our design matched the expected behavior via simulation. We set up our control signal as a square wave with a 50\% duty cycle and a 2[ns] period of oscillation. Since transmission gates directly pass the input to the output, we are not restricted to passing a ``pure" one or zero. Therefore, to test which signal is being passed through, we set $A_0$ to 300[mV] and $A_1$ to 600[mv]. This way, as seen in figure \ref{fig:mux-2-1-logic}, when $S_0$ is low, the output is 300[mV], and when the $S_0$ is high, the output is 600[mV].
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/mux-2-1-logic.png}
+	\caption{Two-to-one multiplexer logic validation}
+	\label{fig:mux-2-1-logic}
+\end{figure}
+
+We confirmed our schematic matches the desired behavior, so we moved on to creating a layout. To make using multiple gates together easier, we made some modifications to our initial layouts. Most importantly, we wanted all horizontal interconnects to be on metal1 and all vertical interconnects to be on metal2. Adding this rule of thumb made routing much easier. For short runs, however, we prioritized using less vias, so metal1 runs vertically in some areas. Our final layout is seen in figure \ref{fig:mux-2-1-layout}. Another helpful modification was lining up the power rails for all designs. This modification made the rails clearly defined layout boundaries, and it also added additional space for routing interconnects.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\center\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{graphics/mux-2-1-layout.png}
+	\caption{Layout for two-to-one multiplexer}
+	\label{fig:mux-2-1-layout}
+\end{figure}
+
+This process involved some unforeseen steps such as re-running DRC and LVS checks on the sub-designs, and re-spacing the elements within the sub-designs to create a more uniform top-level design.
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+This exercise proved the conclusion of the last exercise. We determined that by encapsulating fine details into lower-level designs, both higher-level schematic and layout design become much easier. For example, our half adder design used four two-input NAND gates. Each of our NAND gates contained four MOSFETs \cite{VLSICircuitsSystems}. Therefore, if we were to design the half adder at a transistor level, we would have had to lay out sixteen transistors.
+
+Going forward, we will continue to abstract our desings away from the transistor level. For example, higher-level designs may employ the half adder symbol to effectively place all sixteen transistors and their interconnects in one click.
+
+By building up a design layer-by-layer, a highly complex design suddenly becomes attainable. 
+
+\printbibliography
+\end{document}